คำเตือน: CFD เป็นตราสารที่ซับซ้อนและมีความเสี่ยงสูงที่จะสูญเสียเงินอย่างรวดเร็ว เนื่องจากการใช้เลเวอเรจ
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Gas
In a blockchain network such as Ethereum, gas is a measure of the computational effort required to perform a particular operation, such as executing a smart contract. Each transaction on the Ethereum network requires a certain amount of gas depending on the operations involved, which is paid in ether by the user. Simple transactions, such as sending ETH between wallets, generally require less gas than more complex transactions.
Complex use of smart contracts – using a decentralized exchange to swap tokens, minting an NFT, joining a DeFi protocol – consumes much more. The purpose of gas is to deter network abuse and to compensate validators for processing transactions and securing the network.
Example: A user wishes to trade with tokens on a decentralized exchange when the network is busy. They click on the wallet and realize that a $1.80 gas fee will be required for a $200 transaction. They decide the gas fee is too high relative to the amount of the trade and wait 2 hours because the network is congested. When network congestion is reduced, gas fees may be lower, although the actual fee depends on network conditions and the transaction’s gas requirements.
Gas Limit
The gas limit is the maximum amount of gas that a user allows a transaction to consume for a transaction or interaction with a smart contract on a blockchain network, such as Ethereum. If it is set too low, the transaction will revert with a “Out of Gas” error; the gas used before the transaction runs out is still charged, while the state changes from the transaction are reverted.
If the full gas limit is not used, unused gas will be refunded, so setting it too high does not mean the unused portion is charged. The gas limit is generally estimated automatically by wallets, but if you are dealing with a complex contract where gas usage may be less predictable, you can change the gas limit manually.
Example: A developer deploys a complex smart contract, and the gas limit is set based on their understanding. Midway through execution, the contract enters an unexpected loop that consumes more gas than it should and exceeds the gas limit before finishing. The transaction fails and is reverted – but the gas spent up to that point is gone. The developer reads the contract code, adjusts the gas limit and contract logic as needed, and resubmits. The second attempt passes successfully.
Gas Price
Gas price is the amount of cryptocurrency paid in a blockchain network for each unit of gas used by a transaction. It is denominated in gwei, a sub-unit of ether on the Ethereum network, and serves as one factor in determining the priority of transactions for block space. When the network is congested, and many transactions are competing to be included in the next block, transactions offering higher priority fees may be prioritized by validators.
If a price is too low, some transactions may wait longer to be confirmed. EIP-1559 was introduced in 2021 to reform the Ethereum fee structure, introducing an automatic base fee that adjusts based on network congestion—which is permanently burned—alongside an optional priority fee (or tip) to incentivize validators to process transactions and include transactions in blocks.
Example: In 2021, Ethereum gas prices often hit hundreds of gwei during the NFT-minting frenzy, as numerous users tried to conduct transactions simultaneously. The user wished to mint an NFT for 0.08 ETH but was charged nearly the same amount in gas fees to complete the transaction, making the transaction significantly more expensive during peak congestion.
GDPNow
GDPNow is a real-time GDP growth tracker released by the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. It takes in incoming economic data releases during the quarter and updates its estimate of current-quarter GDP growth, offering investors a running projection ahead of the official Bureau of Economic Analysis figure.
It is not a formal Fed projection but a model-based nowcast, and it is closely watched by traders and economists, as it tracks the same data the market is reacting to, providing a helpful live indication of where the official number may end up.
Example: A spate of better-than-expected retail sales and jobs reports midway through a quarter lifts the Atlanta Fed’s GDPNow estimate from 1.8% up to 3.2%. That’s a robust pace, potentially making aggressive Fed rate reductions less likely in the market’s view, with yields rising in anticipation. Bond traders take note. The GDPNow model hasn’t given them anything they couldn’t figure out for themselves, but it does the work of taking many different data points and rolling them into a single, continually updated growth estimate.
Gearing
Gearing is the term used to describe financing a financial position with borrowed funds or leverage to expand the size of the position beyond what could be achieved with equity. It is a measure of the relationship between a company’s debt and the equity it holds in its business properties.
When it comes to trading, it refers to the ratio of market exposure to actual capital – a 10:1 ratio represents $1 of capital controlling $10 worth of market exposure. The higher the gearing, the greater the profit or loss will be – and the more powerful it will be… and the more dangerous it will be!
Example: A property developer has a high level of gearing in his business, meaning that he is using 20% equity and 80% debt. The finished development sells for 15% more than the total project cost. Because the 15% gain is magnified by the 5x gearing, the developer’s actual return on equity is 75%. The reverse is also true, though – if the development value falls by 15%, the loss would represent 75% of the developer’s equity contribution, before financing costs and other factors, making highly geared positions very fragile.
Genesis Block
A genesis block is the first block in a blockchain, the block zero, which acts as the foundation for the rest of the blockchain. It is not mined in the usual way, but is hardcoded into the software that powers the blockchain, and has not been added to a previous block, since there is no prior block.
Satoshi Nakamoto mined Bitcoin’s genesis block on January 3, 2009, and included an embedded message referencing a Times headline about the bank bailout, which is widely interpreted as a comment on the financial system Bitcoin was created to challenge.
Example: Bitcoin’s genesis block contains a mining reward of 50 BTC, but those coins cannot be spent through the normal Bitcoin transaction process. That is generally understood to be a consequence of how the genesis block was implemented. The fact is that the first bitcoins have been sitting dormant for more than a decade and a half. The bitcoin community can view the genesis block as a founding document, permanent, immutable, and always visible for anyone who cares to see.
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