คำเตือน: CFD เป็นตราสารที่ซับซ้อนและมีความเสี่ยงสูงที่จะสูญเสียเงินอย่างรวดเร็ว เนื่องจากการใช้เลเวอเรจ
คุณควรพิจารณาว่าคุณเข้าใจวิธีการทำงานของ CFD หรือไม่ และคุณสามารถยอมรับความเสี่ยงสูงในการสูญเสียเงินได้หรือไม่
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G5
The G5, which included the five major Western economies of the day, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan, was the predecessor to the G7. Most often remembered for the Plaza Accord of 1985, one of the largest currency interventions in history, in which the five countries agreed to take coordinated measures aimed at encouraging a depreciation of the US dollar against the Japanese yen and the German mark.
In the early 1980s, the dollar had gained significantly, making U.S. exports uncompetitive and creating a precarious trade imbalance. The Plaza Accord changed all that – and did so in a big way.
Example: The Plaza Accord is a subject of economic study in all serious FX courses, as it demonstrated that coordinated government intervention in currency markets can influence exchange rates when major economies act together with real intent. The dollar subsequently fell significantly against the yen and mark over the following two years, with the dollar-yen exchange rate falling by roughly 50%. While the Accord was an important factor, the move also reflected broader market forces and monetary policy developments.
G7
The G7 is a forum of seven of the world’s largest advanced economies: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan. They hold regular meetings of their finance ministers, central bankers, and heads of government, exchanging views on economic policies, trade, financial stability, and, more recently, geopolitical matters.
It is not binding on its members, but when seven of the world’s wealthiest countries agree on a course of action — whether it’s sanctions, debt forgiveness, or a response to a financial crisis — their decisions can have significant implications for markets and governments.
Example: In the case of Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, G7 countries responded swiftly and coordinated financial sanctions, including measures affecting Russia’s central bank assets and major banks’ access to international payment systems. This demonstrated the role of G7 coordination in enabling members to act in a more concerted way, although individual measures were implemented by the respective countries and authorities.
G77
G77 was established in the United Nations in 1964 by 77 developing countries, and now includes more than 130 countries under the original name. It provides multilateral forums on economic development, debt relief, climate finance, and trade with a collective voice for developing countries.
What can make consensus building difficult is that some members are small island states, while other members are large emerging economies, such as India and Brazil.
Example: G77 members have persistently demanded a greater supply of funding for adaptation and loss and damage at the UN climate change negotiations from the wealthy nations. As a collective voice representing a large majority of the world’s developing countries, their negotiating strength can be significant, even if the money is on the other side of the negotiating table.
G8
The G8 was the G7, plus Russia, which joined as part of the post-Cold War integration process in the late 1990s. It was a forum for significant economic and political coordination between the major powers for about 16 years. In 2014, Russia’s participation was suspended following the annexation of Crimea, and the group returned to the G7 format that has been used since then.
It is important to understand the G8 period because it was an attempt to include Russia in the West-led international order, an approach that did not continue after 2014 and whose legacy continues to influence geopolitics.
Example: Russian President Vladimir Putin sat alongside Western leaders who were discussing everything from energy policy to nuclear non-proliferation at several G8 summits in the 2000s. That period in history was marked by closer engagement between Russia and Western governments. After 2014, when Russia’s participation was suspended, the G8 framework gave way to a different format for international economic and political coordination.
Gambia Dalasi (GMD)
The Gambian dalasi is the official currency of the small African country of The Gambia, which is almost completely bordered by Senegal. Tourism is a major source of income for the economy, as is the export of groundnuts and remittances from Gambians working in other countries, especially Europe.
The Central Bank of The Gambia may intervene from time to time to reduce excessive fluctuations; the dalasi is managed in a floating manner. The GMD, like many small developing-economy currencies, is not traded internationally and has limited convertibility outside the country. Domestically, movements in the exchange rate have a significant impact, since the prices of imports such as food and fuel are quoted in foreign currency.
Example: A Gambian family that is receiving remittances from a family member in the UK keeps an eye on the GMD exchange rate. Those remittance transfers can translate into more local currency when the dalasi depreciates, potentially cushioning the blow to household budgets already feeling the pinch from rising import prices due to the dalasi’s depreciation.
Gamma Exposure (GEX)
Gamma exposure (GEX) is the aggregate sensitivity of options market makers’ delta-hedging positions to fluctuations in the underlying asset price. When market makers trade options with clients, they hedge to be market-neutral, but gamma requires them to adjust this hedge as prices change.
If positive GEX is high, it can function as a volatility buffer: if the asset goes up in value, market makers may be required to sell the underlying asset, and if it goes down, they may need to buy it, both of which can reduce market volatility.
When GEX is negative, the reverse dynamic can occur, creating a potentially destabilizing loop in which market makers may need to buy the market up and sell the market down, thereby amplifying directional moves. GEX rose to prominence in the retail trading world following the rise of the Meme Stock mania in 2021, which put options positions front and center as a major driver of stock price action.
Example: A stock with substantial negative gamma exposure may face greater volatility risk. Short gamma market makers, as prices decline, may be driven to sell the underlying quickly to re-hedge their holdings, potentially exacerbating the sell-off rather than absorbing it. Once traders see this negative gamma profile, they may view the environment as one in which downward moves could become self-reinforcing and may choose to wait until dealer selling pressure subsides and volatility normalizes.
เราใช้คุกกี้เพื่อทำความเข้าใจว่าคุณใช้งานเว็บไซต์ของเราอย่างไร และเพื่อให้คุณได้รับประสบการณ์ที่ดีที่สุด คุณสามารถหาข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมได้โดยดูนโยบายคุกกี้ของเรา
