คำเตือน: CFD เป็นตราสารที่ซับซ้อนและมีความเสี่ยงสูงที่จะสูญเสียเงินอย่างรวดเร็ว เนื่องจากการใช้เลเวอเรจ
คุณควรพิจารณาว่าคุณเข้าใจวิธีการทำงานของ CFD หรือไม่ และคุณสามารถยอมรับความเสี่ยงสูงในการสูญเสียเงินได้หรือไม่
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Evening Doji Star
A three-candle bearish reversal pattern in candlestick charting. After an uptrend, a strong bullish candle is followed by a doji a candle whose open and close are almost identical, forming a cross then a bearish candle that closes well into the first candle’s body. The pattern signals that bullish momentum has stalled and sellers are seizing control.
The doji is the critical element. It represents complete indecision the market opened and closed at the same level despite intraday movement, meaning buyers and sellers reached an exact standoff. In an uptrend, that standoff signals the bullish momentum driving the advance has exhausted itself at the high.
Volume and gap behaviour strengthen the signal. Ideally the doji gaps above the first candle’s close, and the third candle gaps back down creating clear separation between all three elements.
Example: An index in a prolonged uptrend posts a strong bullish session, followed by a doji that opens at the prior close and finishes at the same level despite wide intraday swings. The next session opens lower and closes well into the first candle’s body on heavy volume. Technical traders read the three-candle formation as a credible reversal signal and begin reducing long exposure at the high.
Evening Star
A three-candle bearish reversal pattern appearing at the top of an uptrend. The first candle is a large bullish candle continuing the trend. The second is a small-bodied candle bullish or bearish that gaps above the first, showing buyers pushed higher but without conviction to sustain momentum. The third is a large bearish candle closing well into the first candle’s body, confirming that sellers have taken over.
The logic: the first candle reflects strong buying momentum, the second shows that momentum flagging at the top, and the third demonstrates sellers dominating. The deeper the third candle closes into the first candle’s body, the stronger the reversal signal.
The evening star differs from the evening doji star in the middle candle a true doji makes the pattern more potent; any small body creates the standard version.
Example: A commodity rallying strongly for weeks posts a large bullish session, followed by a small-bodied candle gapping higher but failing to sustain the push, then a large bearish candle closing back into the bullish day’s territory on elevated volume. Swing traders identify the evening star as confirmation the rally has peaked and initiate short positions, using the pattern’s high as a natural stop level.
EVM
The computation engine of the Ethereum network, which processes smart contracts. A decentralised consensus is essential, and the EVM is a “sandboxed” and isolated runtime environment in which all smart contracts running on Ethereum are processed, and all network nodes get the same outcome when running the same instructions.
The EVM runs bytecode derived from higher-level programming languages such as Solidity. All computational steps are preprogrammed with a fixed amount of gas, leading to a metered pricing mechanism to avoid infinite loops, spam and resource monopolisation.
The EVM has impacts that go beyond the scope of Ethereum. The term ‘EVM-compatible’ is now an industry standard, with Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, Arbitrum and Avalanche’s C-Chain all offering EVM compatibility, meaning Ethereum smart contracts and developer tools can be deployed on these networks with little adaptation.
Example: A developer creates a decentralised exchange smart contract in Solidity, compiles, and deploys it to EVM bytecode on Ethereum. Without changing the code, the same bytecode will run on any chain that is EVM compatible, such as Arbitrum, Optimism, and Polygon. EVM compatibility effectively caused Ethereum’s programming environment to become the standard in the multi-chain ecosystem, and its enormous network effects for the original specification.
Ex-dividend
The status of a share that has been declared for a dividend but trades without entitlement to that dividend going forward. Buyers of ex-dividend shares don’t receive the upcoming dividend. The seller keeps it. Stocks typically drop by approximately the dividend amount on the ex-dividend date, reflecting value transferred from share price into the impending cash payment. The relevant dates: declaration date (when the dividend is announced), ex-dividend date (cutoff after which buyers don’t get the dividend), record date (when the company finalises the entitled-shareholder list), payment date (when the cash actually arrives). Ex-dividend date is usually one business day before the record date. Example: Reliance Industries declares a ₹10 dividend with an ex-dividend date of 22 August. An investor buying shares on 21 August captures the dividend. An investor buying on 22 August doesn’t. The stock typically opens around ₹10 lower on the ex-dividend morning, reflecting the transfer of value from price into pending cash. The mechanics are exact. The share price moves to compensate. Retail investors who don’t understand the dynamic sometimes panic when the stock “drops” on ex-dividend day, not realising they’re getting paid the difference.
Exchange
A centralized exchange in which securities, commodities, derivatives or currencies are exchanged between buyers and sellers subject to uniform rules and regulations and the price is fixed through the automatic matching of orders. Exchanges offer facilities for price discovery, concentration of liquidity and reporting of trades with transparency, in compliance with regulatory bodies.
The major exchanges include the NYSE, Nasdaq, London Stock Exchange, the NSE, the BSE, the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the CME Group, which handles derivatives. Each sets listing requirements implements trading rules about the behaviour of the participants.
The trading on exchange floors has become a process of electronic matching engines, meaning a more cost-effective, faster and more inclusive trading process. The change also allowed for high-frequency trading strategies based on colocation and latency. The exchange model is in contrast to OTC markets, where trades occur bilaterally without centralised pricing and reporting.
Example: Investor purchases shares via a retail brokerage and places an order that is routed to a stock exchange’s electronic order-matching engine. The engine compares it to a sell order at the same price; it can be traded at a price that is visible to all market participants, and it reports the trade publicly, in one go, showing the core functions of exchanges as centralised liquidity, transparent pricing and orderly, rule-governed execution.
Exchange (Crypto)
A platform enabling the buying, selling, and trading of cryptocurrency assets. There are two basic structures of crypto exchanges. Centralised exchanges (CEXs) are the exchanges on which companies keep customer assets in custody, match orders with internal exchange engines and act as intermediaries like the traditional brokerages, but within a changing regulatory landscape.
Decentralised exchanges (DEXs) are smart contracts developed on blockchain networks that facilitate direct trading between users without needing a central authority. Users are responsible for the assets’ custodial control at all times. Centralised engines are not responsible for providing liquidity; instead, it’s done through automated market makers or on-chain order books.
The main compromise between the two is that CEXs have a better user experience and liquidity, whilst the DEXs are free from the counterparty risk of an exchange operator holding the user’s funds, as was the case with many major centralised exchanges that failed, leaving customer assets in their grasp.
Example: A trader on a typical centralised crypto exchange locks up bitcoin to obtain access to leverage trading. A trader who uses a decentralised exchange does not have to place their coins in the exchange’s wallet, but instead trades them directly from their own wallet. The spreads are tighter at the CEX, while there is no counterparty risk at the DEX. The two models differ in terms of convenience versus custody control.
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