คำเตือน: CFD เป็นตราสารที่ซับซ้อนและมีความเสี่ยงสูงที่จะสูญเสียเงินอย่างรวดเร็ว เนื่องจากการใช้เลเวอเรจ
คุณควรพิจารณาว่าคุณเข้าใจวิธีการทำงานของ CFD หรือไม่ และคุณสามารถยอมรับความเสี่ยงสูงในการสูญเสียเงินได้หรือไม่
เว็บเทรดเดอร์ MT5
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European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
See Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) for the full description. The two terms are used interchangeably. “European” gets prepended in formal contexts to distinguish from other monetary unions, but within EU and ECB documentation, the simple “EMU” is standard. Example: Bulgaria’s accession to EMU on 1 January 2026 made it the 21st member state to fully adopt the euro and participate in the single monetary policy framework managed by the ECB.
European Economic Area (EEA)
A framework extending the EU’s single market free movement of goods, services, capital, and people to three non-EU countries: Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. EEA members adopt the vast majority of EU single-market legislation without being EU members and without voting rights in the process that produces those rules.
The arrangement provides deep economic integration while maintaining formal political independence. For financial services, EEA membership has historically delivered passporting rights, allowing firms authorised in any EEA country to operate across the entire bloc without separate authorisation in each jurisdiction.
Switzerland is not an EEA member but maintains bilateral treaties with the EU approximating some single-market access a different model that has proven politically contentious and less legally stable than full EEA membership.
Example: A financial firm authorised in Norway uses its EEA passport to offer investment services to clients across all EU member states without obtaining separate regulatory authorisation in each country. The passport is contingent on Norway’s EEA membership and compliance with EU financial services directives the regulatory price of accessing a market of 450 million consumers without full EU membership.
European Financial Stability Facility
A temporary eurozone crisis mechanism established to provide financial assistance to members facing severe financing difficulties. The EFSF issued bonds guaranteed by eurozone states and lent the proceeds to countries accessing support at below-market rates, conditional on agreed adjustment programmes.
Always intended as a temporary institution, the EFSF was subsequently replaced by the permanent European Stability Mechanism. It provided significant lending during the eurozone sovereign debt crisis, supporting member states whose borrowing costs had risen to unsustainable levels and whose access to private capital markets had been severely impaired or closed entirely.
The EFSF is now in wind-down, managing its existing loan book as recipient-country repayments reduce outstanding exposures over time.
Example: A eurozone member state facing soaring sovereign yields and potential market exclusion applies for EFSF assistance. The Eurogroup and IMF negotiate a joint adjustment programme. Access to EFSF funding at manageable rates buys time for fiscal consolidation to take effect the core logic of conditional emergency lending: credible external financing buying the political space required for painful but necessary domestic adjustment.
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
An intergovernmental organisation of four European countries Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland promoting free trade and economic integration among members and with third parties. Founded as an alternative to the European Economic Community, EFTA has shrunk significantly as most original members subsequently joined what became the EU.
Three current members (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway) are also EEA members, giving them deep single-market integration with the EU. Switzerland maintains EFTA membership but accesses the EU market through bilateral treaties rather than the EEA a different legal architecture that has proven more politically contentious.
EFTA negotiates free trade agreements with third countries on behalf of its members, providing smaller economies collective negotiating leverage they would lack individually.
Example: An EFTA member-state government negotiates a trade agreement with an Asian economy through the EFTA framework, securing tariff reductions on goods exports. A Swiss precision equipment manufacturer selling into that Asian market benefits directly preferential access achieved through collective negotiation that the manufacturer could not have secured through any bilateral lobbying effort of its own.
European Markets Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR)
EU regulation governing OTC derivatives, central counterparties, and trade repositories, introduced to address the opacity and counterparty risk exposed in OTC markets during the financial crisis. Three core obligations apply to derivatives participants.
First, mandatory central clearing: standardised OTC derivatives interest rate swaps, credit default swaps must clear through authorised CCPs rather than bilaterally. Second, mandatory reporting: all derivative contracts must be reported to a registered trade repository, giving regulators full market visibility. Third, risk mitigation for uncleared derivatives: including margin exchange, reconciliation requirements, and dispute resolution procedures.
EMIR has been revised periodically to address unintended consequences and reduce compliance burden on smaller participants and non-financial corporates.
Example: A European bank executing an interest rate swap with a corporate must report the trade to a registered repository the same day, clear it through an authorised CCP if it meets the clearing threshold, and exchange variation margin daily. The compliance cost is significant, but the regulatory objective eliminating hidden bilateral credit exposures that accumulated silently before the financial crisis is clearly visible in the reduced systemic risk profile of post-EMIR European derivatives markets.
European Parliament
The directly elected legislative body of the European Union, representing EU citizens. Members (MEPs) are elected every five years across 27 member states. The Parliament sits primarily in Strasbourg for plenary sessions and Brussels for committee work.
The Parliament shares legislative power with the Council of the EU under the ordinary legislative procedure most EU laws require both institutions to agree before taking effect. It also approves the EU budget, ratifies international agreements, and holds the Commission accountable, including the power to force the entire Commission to resign.
In financial regulation, the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee (ECON) scrutinises and amends legislation on capital markets, banking, insurance, and digital finance giving elected representatives genuine co-legislative power over the shape of rules affecting the financial industry.
Example: The Parliament’s ECON committee tables significant amendments to a proposed capital markets regulation, adding transparency requirements the financial industry had opposed. The Commission must negotiate a compromise with both Parliament and Council in trilogue giving MEPs real co-legislative power that shapes the final text, not merely consultative input that the other institutions can set aside.
เราใช้คุกกี้เพื่อทำความเข้าใจว่าคุณใช้งานเว็บไซต์ของเราอย่างไร และเพื่อให้คุณได้รับประสบการณ์ที่ดีที่สุด คุณสามารถหาข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมได้โดยดูนโยบายคุกกี้ของเรา
