คำเตือน: CFD เป็นตราสารที่ซับซ้อนและมีความเสี่ยงสูงที่จะสูญเสียเงินอย่างรวดเร็ว เนื่องจากการใช้เลเวอเรจ
คุณควรพิจารณาว่าคุณเข้าใจวิธีการทำงานของ CFD หรือไม่ และคุณสามารถยอมรับความเสี่ยงสูงในการสูญเสียเงินได้หรือไม่
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Forward Guidance
Forward guidance is the communication tool that central banks use to convey to markets where monetary policy is expected to go in the future. The central bank does not merely announce today’s decision; it also tells you what it is thinking about tomorrow’s decision.
The aim is to tame expectations and reduce uncertainty; if companies and investors know that interest rates are expected to remain low for some time, they can prepare accordingly. When effectively executed, future guidance can influence markets almost as strongly as a real change in rates. Done badly, it breeds confusion and undermines credibility.
Example: After cutting rates to near zero during the 2008 crisis, the Fed began sending unambiguous signals that rates would remain low for a long time. For years, that guidance influenced borrowing rates and investment decisions across the economy. It’s not because the Fed did anything new, but because informing markets about what to expect affected how they behaved. The words did the trick.
Forwards
A forward contract is an agreement between two parties to acquire or sell an item at a certain future date for a stipulated price. Unlike futures, forwards are traded over the counter and can be tailored to the needs of the parties involved, with any size, payment date, and negotiated parameters.
They are commonly used by organizations to hedge currency or commodity risk. It is basically locking in today’s pricing to remove the uncertainty about what the market will do in 3 or 6 months. The trade-off for that freedom is counterparty risk – there’s no central clearinghouse to guarantee that either party will perform.
Example: A UK importer must pay $2m to a US supplier within 3 months. To avoid the currency risk, it enters into a forward contract with its bank to buy dollars at the agreed rate today. What happens to GBP/USD over those three months is irrelevant – the rate is locked, the budgeting is certain, and the treasurer is freed up to run the firm rather than watch the exchange rate.
Fourth Turning
The Fourth Turning is a theory of generations written by historians William Strauss and Neil Howe in their 1997 book of the same name. This history runs in cycles of about 80-100 years, driven by four shifting historical eras called “turnings”: a High, an Awakening, an Unraveling, and a Crisis.
The Fourth Turning is the crisis phase, a period of institutional upheaval, societal strife, and radical change that ultimately clears the ground for a new cycle to commence. After 2008, and again during COVID, the thesis was revisited in financial and political circles as pundits pointed to rising populism, debt problems, and geopolitical instability as hallmarks of a Fourth Turning in process.
Example: Investors who are swayed by the Fourth Turning theory tend to take positions that are appropriate for a period of extended instability. They tend to favor hard assets like gold, pare back exposure to long-duration bonds, and expect the political and financial order that has been in place since World War II to undergo a fundamental restructuring. Whether the theory is analytically rigorous or a captivating narrative is a matter of active debate.
FRA40
The FRA40 is the name used by some brokers and trading platforms for the CAC 40, France’s benchmark stock market index. CAC is Cotation Assistée en Continu (the continuous assisted quotation system), and the index covers the 40 largest companies by market capitalization and liquidity on the Euronext Paris stock exchange.
Although it is a French index, it has a distinctly international flavor, with global names such as LVMH, TotalEnergies, Airbus, and Sanofi representing many of its constituents, and generating most of their revenues outside France.
The FRA40 is one of the key equity indices in the Euro Zone and is observed alongside Germany’s DAX and the UK’s FTSE 100 as an indicator of overall Euro Zone sentiment.
Example: If a macro trader has a forecast for European consumer spending, they can do so on the FRA40, as the latter is highly exposed to luxury goods companies such as LVMH and Hermès. For example, a strong recovery by consumers in China tends to boost consumer shares more than other stocks. Hence, a bid for the FRA40 is a good indicator of investors’ appetite for Chinese consumer spending.
Fractal
In technical analysis, a fractal is a certain candlestick pattern defined by trader Bill Williams that identifies possible reversal points in price. A bearish fractal is a series of five consecutive candles in which the middle candle has the highest high. The middle candle has the lowest low on the bullish fractal.
The pattern reveals local highs and lows – places where the market reversed momentarily – and traders use these to plot support and resistance levels or to trigger entries and exits within broader trading systems. Fractal also has a broader meaning in markets, referring to the self-similar quality of price patterns that repeat across different timeframes.
Example: A trader using the Bill Williams trading system sees a negative fractal emerging on the daily chart just below a key resistance level. The peak on the middle candle is exactly where the market has previously rejected higher prices. The fractal, coupled with a signal from the Alligator indicator (another Williams tool), provides traders with a clear purpose for seeking a short entry, rather than merely reacting to price fluctuations.
Free float
The number of shares of a company that are available for trading on the open market, excluding shares held by insiders and other restricted shares.
เราใช้คุกกี้เพื่อทำความเข้าใจว่าคุณใช้งานเว็บไซต์ของเราอย่างไร และเพื่อให้คุณได้รับประสบการณ์ที่ดีที่สุด คุณสามารถหาข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมได้โดยดูนโยบายคุกกี้ของเรา
