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Trading Glossary
Glossary trade refers to a type of trading strategy where traders use a predefined set of terms, definitions, or concepts to make informed decisions. It often involves industry-specific jargon, financial metrics, and analytical tools to navigate markets effectively.
D
Daily chart
Daily chart refers to a price chart in which every data point, be it a candlestick, a bar, or a line, represents a single full trading day. The shorter-term movements are removed, and open, high, low, and close are all squeezed into a single mark on the chart, giving traders a clear view of how the price has behaved over weeks, months, or years without being distracted by shorter-term fluctuations.
Daily charts are in the middle of the timeframe hierarchy: more detailed than weekly or monthly charts, but are much less cluttered than hourly or 15-minute views. Technical analysts also use them to identify trends, key support and resistance levels, and chart patterns that are more significant simply because they have developed over a longer period.
A trend that requires three weeks to develop on a daily chart is usually regarded as more important than one that takes three hours to develop on an intraday chart.
Example: A swing trader who intends to trade long-term, perhaps a few days to a couple of weeks, will generally do their primary analysis on the daily chart, identifying the overall trend, marking out key price levels, and identifying patterns such as flags or head-and-shoulder formations – before moving to a shorter timeframe to find an exact entry point.
Daily Cut-Off
Daily cut-off is the hour in the trading day beyond which trading operations are carried on as the trading of the following business day, and not the present day. In foreign exchange, this is generally 5:00 p.m. New York time, which is also the technical end and beginning of the FX trading day – the point at which the overnight swap rates are applied to those positions held open .
In banking more generally, the daily cut-off determines which payments, transfers, and settlements are processed the same day and which are rolled over to the next working day. Missing the cut-off puts the transaction on hold, which can be critical in time-sensitive corporate treasury operations or in trades where it is essential to know the transaction’s finalization date.
The cut-off time may differ across institutions and even across currencies. The interactions between them add complexity to cross-border transactions.
Example: A corporate treasurer in London orders a large payment in USD at 5:15 p. m. New York time, which assumes that it will settle the same day. It does not; the cut-off time passed at the end of the day, the transaction is being held until the next working day, and a supplier in New York does not receive money as they would have done otherwise.
In a transaction where the time of payment was part of the contract terms, there are effects of the missed cut-off.
Dallas Fed Manufacturing Index
Dallas Fed Manufacturing Index is an index of business conditions among manufacturers in Texas, published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas as a monthly survey-based index. Respondents – production managers/executives at manufacturing firms with headquarters in Texas – are asked whether the situation has improved, deteriorated, or remained unchanged in a range of measures, including output, new orders, employment, prices paid, and general business activity.
The outcome will be diffusion indices: the positive index indicates that more firms reported improvement than deterioration, and vice versa.
Texas is the largest energy-producing state in the US. As a consequence, the Dallas Fed index is especially sensitive to conditions in the oil and gas sectors, which imparts a slightly different flavor to the index compared with national manufacturing surveys.
It is published on the final Monday of every month and is viewed as a regional early read on US industrial conditions.
Example: When oil prices fell in 2015 and 2016, the Dallas Fed Manufacturing Index fell sharply negative long before the rest of the national manufacturing indices began to show the same stress.
This is a reminder that regional indices can serve as early warning signals, especially where the local economy has had concentrated exposure to one sector.
DAO
A Decentralized Autonomous Organization is an entity that operates on a blockchain through smart contracts as opposed to a traditional management structure and legal system.
The concept is that the rules governing the organization are hard-coded into software: decisions are made through token-holder votes, funds are managed by the protocol rather than by any individual, and no single individual or company is technically in control.
In principle, it eliminates the need to trust a central authority. Practically, DAOs differ in size by an order of magnitude. Some are actually decentralized and functional, others are decentralized in name only, and an order of magnitude larger are those governed by token voting.
In most jurisdictions, the legal status of DAOs remains unresolved, posing real problems of liability and enforceability.
Example: Cryptocurrency investors come together in a DAO to collect capital and make a joint bid on assets. Governance tokens are minted, proposals are made on-chain, and members vote on the best way to deploy the treasury.
When a vulnerability in a smart contract is later exploited, and the money drained, it turns out that the question of who is legally responsible and who, should a vulnerability be exploited, can be sued, turns out to have no easy answer.
DApp
DApp is short for decentralised application. It is a software that does not run on servers owned by a single corporation.
Instead of a firm owning the underlying infrastructure and being free to change it, censor it or even shut it down, the logic of a DApp is executed by smart contracts on a public blockchain.
Once launched, it runs according to the code and no party can turn it off or change its behaviour unilaterally. Today, most DApps are based on Ethereum or other smart contract platforms. These include decentralised exchanges and lending systems, games and digital art marketplaces.
Historically, the UX has been heavy-handed compared to standard applications – wallet connections, gas fees, transaction confirmation all create complexity that would be off-putting to most mainstream consumers.
But the underlying suggestion is real: an app that no single corporation owns, and that can’t be easily shut down by a regulator, is a structurally distinct thing.
Example: A user in a country with capital controls wants to convert 1 crypto for another without going through an exchange that might be prohibited or require identification verification. Their strategy is to connect a self-custody wallet to a decentralized exchange (DApp) and do the swap directly on-chain, without intermediaries and without needing an account.
Dark cloud cover
Dark cloud cover is a two-candle bearish reversal pattern in technical analysis. It is most significant when observed after a prolonged uptrend. The first candle is a high-quality bullish candle that closes near the high and supports the overall upward trend.
The second candle opens higher than that close – gapping up, which looks initially as a continuation – but then sells off throughout the session and closes below the middle of the body of the first candle.
That reversal, from a bullish gap open to a close deep in the prior candle’s range, gives the pattern its name and its meaning. It indicates that buyers drove up prices at the open but were unable to sustain the gains, while sellers dominated the session.
The further the second candle is inside the first, the stronger the signal will be. It must be taken in context, not in isolation, as with all candlestick patterns.
Example: A stock has been on an upward trend over the last six weeks. It has a powerful close on Monday. On Tuesday, the gap-up at the open is due to optimistic traders piling in, but by the close, it gives back almost all those gains and sits well below Monday’s midpoint. A technical trader looking at that daily chart sees a dark cloud cover forming and takes it as a warning that the uptrend may be losing pace.
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