إخلاء المسؤولية: تُعد عقود الفروقات أدوات مالية معقدة تنطوي على مخاطر عالية قد تؤدي إلى خسارة أموالك بسرعة بسبب استخدام الرافعة المالية. قبل البدء بالتداول،
عليك التأكد من فهمك الكامل لكيفية عمل عقود الفروقات، وتقييم ما إذا كنت قادرًا على تحمّل مخاطر الخسارة العالية.
منصة الويب MT5
الكل
Ethereum Classic (ETC)
The original Ethereum blockchain, which has not been changed since the bulk of the Ethereum community performed a hard fork to undo the impact of a major smart contract exploit. When a large amount of ETH was drained by a player, the community decided to change the transaction history and bring the ETH back. A few disagreed, and they proceeded to maintain the original chain without changes, and they are now called Ethereum Classic.
ETC encapsulates the idea that code is law: The blockchain should not be changed if the smart contract behaves as written, even if it is exploited. This ideological position enables a loyal niche to remain in place but restricts adoption compared to ETH.
Ethereum Classic is a chain with a relatively low hash rate, and has faced repeated 51% attack due to its Proof of Work consensus.
Example: A developer with a mission to ensure blockchain immutability chooses to deploy on Ethereum Classic (Ethereum Classic) over Ethereum, in exchange for having less liquidity, fewer contracts and fewer users, but having a transaction history that will never be rewritten, even if it is a hacker’s success of any magnitude.
Ethiopian Birr (ETB)
The official currency of Ethiopia, issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia and subdivided into 100 santim. Ethiopia has a managed exchange-rate system, maintaining an official rate that for a long time has been out of line with the parallel market, which is the case in economies with chronic shortages of foreign currency and import restrictions.
Ethiopia is one of Africa’s most populous and fastest-growing economies. The export basket is dominated by agricultural products, such as coffee, sesame, and cut flowers, of which coffee is of special global importance, Ethiopia being the country of origin of arabica and one of the largest producers in the world. The birr is thus highly vulnerable to the international coffee price fluctuations.
Ease of access to US dollars has been a longstanding constraint for businesses, and the width of the gap between the official and informal exchange rates has been a measure of the underlying FX scarcity in an import-dependent economy.
Example: A company imports coffee from Ethiopia and exchanges the dollars received for the foreign currency of Ethiopia, which is birr, at the official exchange rate according to the foreign exchange regulations. The difference between the official and the informal sector rates reflects a structural cost, which is imposed on dollar earnings, affecting all exporters who use the regulated channels: it is a tax on dollar earnings.
EURIBOR
The Euro Interbank Offered Rate. A benchmark measuring what European banks would charge each other for unsecured term lending in euros. Calculated and published daily by the European Money Markets Institute (EMMI). Computed for several tenors, one week, one month, three months, six months, twelve months, though three-month and six-month rates are by far the most-referenced. EURIBOR survived the post-LIBOR transition that retired most other major IBORs. Methodology was reformed in 2019 and updated again in 2024 to base contributions on observable transactions wherever possible, using a hybrid waterfall that supplements transaction data with market data and expert judgement when transactions are sparse. There are no current plans to discontinue EURIBOR. Most contracts now include €STR-based fallback language anyway, just in case. Example: A typical Italian floating-rate mortgage references three-month EURIBOR plus a spread of, say, 150 basis points. As EURIBOR moves with ECB policy and money market conditions, the homeowner’s monthly payment adjusts at each three-month reset. EURIBOR rising from negative territory in 2021 to above 4% by 2023 produced sharp payment increases for millions of European households. The rate is theoretical for most people. Until it isn’t.
Euro (EUR)
The official currency of the eurozone, shared by 20 European Union member states. The second most widely held reserve currency in the world, as well as the second most traded currency on foreign exchange markets. Issued and managed by the European Central Bank and the Eurosystem of the national central banks, it has a rate of 2% inflation.
The euro has been adopted to replace national currencies such as the Deutsche Mark, French franc, Italian lira and Spanish peseta, which in turn has removed intra-eurozone exchange-rate risk and strengthened economic integration. A single rate is established for economies that have frequently different growth and inflation rates, which is the basic structural friction of the currency union.
The EUR/USD is the most popular currency pair in the world and serves as the key indicator for the US/EU divergence of economic and monetary trends. It is the benchmark for global FX conditions with tight spreads and huge daily volume.
Example: The consolidation of results from French, German and Spanish subsidiaries by a multinational is done without the need to convert currencies, one of the biggest practical advantages of the euro. The risk associated with exchange rates between national currencies is eliminated, which simplifies treasury operations and eliminates a hedging expense layer from intra-European business activities altogether.
Euro Interbank Offered Rate
A benchmark interest, daily published by the European Money Markets Institute, for five maturities of the interbank money market: one week, one month, three months, six months and a year. Rates are based on those submitted by a panel of contributing banks.
EURIBOR is used in a great deal of financial contracts, including floating rate mortgages, corporate loans, interest rate swaps and structured products in Europe. The 25 basis point change has an impact on millions of contracts at the same time, making EURIBOR one of the most economically significant benchmark rates in the world.
This rate has been reformed since the scandals surrounding the manipulation of LIBOR and other rates, as well as more rigorous controls and transaction-based methodologies to lessen the impact of the panel-bank gaming that had compromised previous versions.
Example: If a eurozone mortgage taker has a floating-rate set with a reference index of EURIBOR three-month forward, their monthly mortgage repayments increase following ECB rate hikes and rising interbank financing costs. With the EURIBOR linkage, the central bank policy directly or indirectly has a direct and instant effect on household cash flows, since it is simply the arithmetic of a variable rate which is recalculated at the next reset date, no renegotiation, no lag, nothing.
EURO STOXX 50
A stock market index tracking the 50 largest and most liquid companies in the eurozone across 11 member countries. Published by STOXX Limited, it serves as the primary benchmark for eurozone equity performance — the equivalent of what the S&P 500 is for US equities.
The index spans financials, industrials, consumer staples, healthcare, and technology. Constituents are selected by free-float market capitalisation and reviewed annually. Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands contribute the most names. The EURO STOXX 50 underpins one of Europe’s most liquid derivatives markets, with options and futures traded on Eurex carrying some of the continent’s highest volumes.
The index is the basis for numerous ETFs and structured products sold to both retail and institutional investors globally seeking eurozone equity exposure in a single instrument. Example: A US fund manager seeking eurozone equity exposure buys an ETF tracking the EURO STOXX 50 rather than constructing individual country or stock positions. The single index provides diversification across the eurozone’s largest companies in one transaction, at a cost and liquidity level that individual country indices or single-stock portfolios could not match at equivalent scale.
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