إخلاء المسؤولية: تُعد عقود الفروقات أدوات مالية معقدة تنطوي على مخاطر عالية قد تؤدي إلى خسارة أموالك بسرعة بسبب استخدام الرافعة المالية. قبل البدء بالتداول،
عليك التأكد من فهمك الكامل لكيفية عمل عقود الفروقات، وتقييم ما إذا كنت قادرًا على تحمّل مخاطر الخسارة العالية.
منصة الويب MT5
الكل
Profit Factor
Profit factor is a blunt, useful measure of a trading strategy’s quality: total gains divided by total losses. Add up every dollar your winning trades made, divide by every dollar your losers cost, and the result tells you how much you earned for each dollar you lost.
Anything above one means the strategy was profitable over the period measured, before any costs not included in the calculation; the higher the number, the better. A profit factor of two means you made two dollars for every one you lost.
Example: A trader backtests a system that generated 20,000 dollars in total profits and 10,000 dollars in total losses over a year, giving a profit factor of two. She reads it as a potentially promising result, well clear of the break-even line at one; a strategy scraping in at 1.1 would worry her, because such a slim margin could easily flip to a loss once real-world costs like spreads and slippage eat into the thin edge. Past backtest results do not guarantee future performance.
Profit/Loss
Profit and loss, universally shortened to P&L, is the running tally of how much money a trade, an account, or a whole desk has made or lost. It is the scoreboard of trading, and it comes in two forms: realised P&L, banked once positions are closed, and unrealised P&L, the paper gain or loss on positions still open and still moving.
Traders live and die by their P&L, and firms track it obsessively, by trader, by strategy, by day.
Example: A trader ends the session having closed some trades for a realised profit but still holding an open position sitting on an unrealised loss, so her net P&L for the day is the two combined. Her firm’s risk managers watch that number in real time, because a P&L bleeding red past a certain limit can trigger orders to cut positions, no matter how convinced the trader is that the market will eventually come back her way.
Projections
Predictions or forecasting of the performance of an asset, market or business.
Proof of Stake (PoS)
Proof of stake is a way of securing a blockchain without the vast energy bill of mining. Instead of computers racing to solve puzzles, validators are chosen to confirm transactions and create new blocks in proportion to how much of the cryptocurrency they lock up, or stake, as collateral.
Behave honestly and you may earn rewards; cheat, and your stake can be slashed. It is generally far greener than proof of work, which is why Ethereum famously switched to it.
Example: A holder of a proof-of-stake coin locks up a chunk of their tokens to become a validator, or delegates them to someone who is one, and may earn rewards for helping run the network. Their stake is both their ticket to participate and their bond of good behaviour: try to validate fraudulent transactions and the protocol may confiscate part of it, an economic punishment that keeps validators honest without burning through a small country’s worth of electricity.
Proof of Work (PoW)
Proof of work is the original way of securing a blockchain, the mechanism behind Bitcoin. To add a block, miners must expend real computing power solving a hard mathematical puzzle, and the winner earns the right to write the next block plus a reward.
The genius is that the work is hard to do but trivial to verify, so the network can trust a block was legitimately produced, and rewriting history would require redoing a vast amount of computation. The cost is enormous electricity use.
Example: Bitcoin runs on proof of work, with miners worldwide burning through vast amounts of power competing to solve each block. That energy helps make the network secure: an attacker wanting to rewrite the ledger would have to out-compute the entire honest network at once, a feat that can be prohibitively expensive, which is why supporters argue the electricity is simply the price of a truly decentralised and difficult-to-tamper-with money.
Protectionism
Protectionism is the policy of shielding a country’s own industries from foreign competition, usually through tariffs, quotas, or subsidies. The appeal is obvious: protect domestic jobs and firms from cheaper imports. The catch, many economists argue, is that it raises prices for consumers, invites retaliation from trading partners, and can shelter inefficient industries that never have to improve.
It runs directly against the free-trade consensus that dominated the late 20th century, and it has surged back into fashion in recent years.
Example: A government worried about its struggling steelmakers slaps a heavy tariff on imported steel, an act of protectionism that lets domestic producers potentially raise prices and keep workers employed. But steel-using industries, from carmakers to builders, now pay more for a key input, foreign governments may retaliate with tariffs of their own on other goods, and the protected steel industry, facing less pressure, has little reason to become more competitive, illustrating potential trade-offs associated with protectionism.
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