風險聲明：差價合約（CFD）是屬於複雜的投資產品，因杠杆而存在快速虧損的高度風險。
交易前您應衡量是否瞭解差價合約以及是否能夠承擔發生虧損的高風險。
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Price discovery
The process of determining the spot price of a product.
Price Discrimination
Price discrimination is charging different customers different prices for essentially the same thing, based on what each is willing to pay. It is everywhere in the economy, airline seats, cinema tickets with student discounts, software priced differently for businesses and individuals, and it lets sellers capture more revenue by charging different customer groups different prices while still serving those with lower willingness to pay.
In finance it shows up in how different clients are quoted different prices.
Example: A bank’s foreign-exchange desk quotes a giant hedge fund a razor-thin spread but charges a small corporate client a much wider one for the very same currency trade, potentially reflecting differences in trade size, costs, or bargaining power. That is price discrimination in action: the same product, the same moment, two different prices, which may reflect differences in customers’ circumstances and negotiating power.
Price level
Price level has two related meanings depending on who is talking. To a trader, it is simply a specific price that matters, a spot on the chart where the market has reacted before and may react again, much like a key support or resistance line.
To an economist, the price level is something broader: the overall level of prices across an economy, the thing inflation measures the change in. Same two words, very different scale. Context tells you which is meant.
Example: A trader watching gold notes that the price level around 2,000 dollars has repeatedly halted rallies, and treats it as a ceiling to trade against. An economist, using the very same phrase, might instead discuss how the general price level has risen five percent over the year, meaning the average cost of goods and services across the whole economy, a completely different scale but the same underlying idea of where prices sit and how they move.
Price transparency
Price transparency is how easily everyone can see the prices at which something is trading. In a highly transparent market, quotes and executed prices are published and visible to all, so buyers and sellers know exactly where the market is and can be confident they are getting a fair deal.
In an opaque one, prices are hidden or scattered, and less-informed participants can end up trading at worse levels without ever knowing it. Exchanges tend to be transparent; some over-the-counter markets far less so.
Example: A retail investor buying a big, listed stock enjoys near-total price transparency, seeing live bids and offers on screen and trading at a visible market price. Someone dealing in an obscure over-the-counter bond has it much harder: with no central screen showing where the bond last traded, they must rely on dealers’ quotes and may pay a wide, hidden markup simply because they cannot easily see what a fair price would actually be.
Price Variation
Price variation, in the context of market tick sizes, is the smallest amount by which a price is allowed to move, the tick size that governs a market. Every instrument has a minimum increment, and prices can only change in whole multiples of it, so a stock quoted in cents cannot move by half a cent, and a currency pair quoted to four decimals moves in pips.
The tick size shapes spreads, liquidity, and how finely a market can be priced.
Example: A futures contract has a minimum price variation of one tick worth 12.50 dollars; the price cannot inch up by less than that, so it jumps from one tick to the next rather than sliding smoothly. A trader has to know the tick value cold, because it determines exactly how much each minimum move is worth to her position, and therefore how a handful of ticks in her favour or against her translates into real money at the end of the day.
Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio
The measurement of a company’s financial health and future growth potential by dividing its stock price by earnings per share (EPS).
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