Zastrzeżenie: Kontrakty CFD są złożonymi instrumentami i wiążą się z wysokim ryzykiem szybkiej utraty pieniędzy z powodu dźwigni.
Powinieneś rozważyć, czy rozumiesz, jak działają kontrakty CFD i czy możesz sobie pozwolić na wysokie ryzyko utraty pieniędzy.
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Reserve Requirements
Reserve requirements are the rules obliging banks to hold a certain minimum amount of reserves against their deposits, and this heading overlaps with the reserve requirement ratio entry on the sheet. The purpose is twofold: to ensure banks keep enough on hand to meet withdrawals, and to give the central bank a lever over how much credit the banking system can create.
Some central banks lean on the tool heavily; others, including the US Fed, have largely moved away from it.
Example: In a striking move in 2020, the US Federal Reserve cut its reserve requirements to zero, meaning American banks were no longer legally obliged to hold a specified minimum level of reserves against their deposits. The Fed had shifted to a system of ample reserves managed through the interest it pays on them, so the old requirement had become redundant, a reminder that a tool central to textbook banking can quietly fall out of use as the plumbing of monetary policy changes.
Resistance
A level on a price chart at which selling pressure is expected to outweigh buying pressure, resulting in a potential reversal in price movement.
Resistance level
A resistance level is a price ceiling, a level where a rising market keeps running into enough selling to halt or reverse it. It forms where sellers have repeatedly stepped in before, and the more times a price is turned back from the same spot, the more traders watch it and the more significant it becomes.
Break above resistance decisively may lead to it flipping support on the way back down, a phenomenon traders call a role reversal.
Example: Gold keeps climbing to 2,000 dollars and stalling, failing three separate times to push through, so traders mark 2,000 as firm resistance. Some sell as the price nears it, betting the ceiling holds again; others wait, knowing that if gold finally closes convincingly above 2,000, the broken resistance could turn into a floor, and the level that capped every rally may attract fresh buyers.
Retail Aggregator
A retail aggregator is a firm that gathers up the small orders of many individual traders and channels them into the wider market, often to a single liquidity provider or market maker. By bundling thousands of tiny retail trades together, the aggregator turns scattered flow into something large enough to matter, and it may generate revenue from the spread or from payment for routing that order flow.
It sits between the retail trader and the real market.
Example: A retail forex broker may act as an aggregator, taking the many small trades of its clients and passing the combined flow to a big bank or liquidity provider, which may handle it as one large stream rather than countless tiny tickets. The individual trader may not see this machinery; she simply clicks buy and gets filled, while her order may have been pooled with others and routed onward, the quiet infrastructure that connects small players to the institutional market.
Retail Foreign Exchange Dealer (RFED)
A Retail Foreign Exchange Dealer, RFED, is a US regulatory category for a firm that acts as the counterparty to retail currency traders. In America, offering off-exchange forex to ordinary individuals is tightly controlled: an RFED must register with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and belong to the National Futures Association, meet strict capital requirements, and follow rules meant to protect small traders.
The label exists to reflect the risks associated with retail foreign-exchange trading and the need for customer protections
Example: An American who wants to trade currencies through a broker should check that the firm is registered as an RFED, because that status means it is subject to the CFTC’s capital and conduct rules rather than operating offshore beyond US oversight. Trading with an unregistered, offshore outfit may mean fewer regulatory protections and less recourse, which is exactly why the RFED designation exists, to draw a clear line between regulated firms and other retail forex providers.
Retail investor
A retail investor is an ordinary individual trading their own money, as opposed to the professionals, the institutional investors, funds, banks, and asset managers who move vast sums on behalf of others. Retail investors trade through brokerage apps and accounts, in far smaller size, and were long dismissed as the least sophisticated money in the market, the crowd the pros could trade against.
That reputation has softened as apps, cheap commissions, and information have democratised access.
Example: A retail investor buying a few shares of a company through a phone app is worlds away from a pension fund allocating billions, but the retail crowd can move markets en masse, as the 2021 meme-stock frenzy showed, when an army of small individual traders coordinating online drove certain shares to dizzying heights and inflicted real pain on the professional funds that had bet against them, a vivid sign that the little guy is no longer quite so easy to dismiss.
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